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Juan Manuel María de la Aurora Fernández Pacheco Acuña Girón y Portocarrero, grandee of Spain, 8th Duke of Escalona, 8th Marquis of Villena, 12th Count of San Esteban de Gormaz and 8th Count of Xiquena (Marcilla, Navarra, 7 September 1650 – Madrid, June 29, 1725), was a Spanish aristocrat, politician and academician. He was the son of Diego López Pacheco, 7th Duke of Escalona (1599–1653). He served as viceroy and captain-general of the Kingdoms of Navarre, Aragon, Catalonia, Sicily and Naples. He was awarded the title of Knight of Order of the Golden Fleece on 9 October 1687. In 1694 he lost the Battle of Torroella against the invading French. During the War of the Spanish Succession, he was imprisoned in Gaeta, Naples, by the Austrian empire after losing the Siege of Gaeta (1707). Upon his release and return to Spain, he founded (under orders of King Philip V) the Royal Spanish Academy or Real Academia Española (RAE). He was elected its 1st lifetime Director in 1713. He was also Mayordomo mayor to the King. ==Notes on ancestry == This Pacheco surname comes from Portugal and it has had a quite complicated, calculating, troublesome and violent political history in the Spanish Kingdom since the beginnings of the 15th century, with a great deal of "profitable marriages" meanwhile. Juan Pacheco, (Belmonte 1419 - Trujillo 1 November 1474), was "Rico-hombre de Castilla", 3rd señor de Belmonte, 1st marquiss de Villena (12 July 1445), by King Juan II of Castile, 1st Duke of ESCALONA (17 December 1472) by King Enrique IV of Castile, and many other minor titles, professed as a Knight on the Military Order of Santiago having the approval from the Roman Pope on 15 November 1453 as he had been previously married. He managed, through great fights between opposite groups, to be "elected" the 39th "Maestre of the Order of Santiago " with the approval in 1467, but apparently no Papal approval, of the short lived and much younger step brother of King Enrique IV, called Prince Alfonso, chosen as "Puppet King" of Castile by a sector of the Nobility. This unfortunate prince, the maternal half-brother of the later Queen Isabella I of Castile, lasted a few months being, perhaps poisoned, aged around 16 . With ambition and treacheries this Juan Pacheco kept a lot of fights and troubles with other nobility fractions dying in 1474. His first descendents were closely controlled by the Catholic Monarchs but by 1520, King of Imperial Spain Carlos I of Spain had promoted some of them as Grandees of Spain, Carlos being the grandson of the above mentioned Catholic Monarchs. With the great amounts of land and income from "the Pacheco's block" commercial ventures, Carlos I of Spain, seeking the money to be able to purchase fidelities of the Germanic Great Electors, against would be Emperor of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, Francis I of France, and with the flow of gold and silver flooding the whole of Europe from America, it is easy to understand why we speak today also of Charles V Habsburg, Emperor of the Germanic Holy Roman Empire, too. In spite of this, Money, Finances and History writers choose however to keep apart, it seems. Shifting loyalties and troublesome Pacheco's managed also to get Royal Approval to have his male children "create new lineages uing former glorious historical names from extinct lines, because of female successions". Therefore "new names" came back into the High Spanish Nobility seeking adequate females to get married along different times, since as early as 1385, such as Portocarrero, Girón, Téllez-Girón and/or, changing and coming back from grand parents to grandsons, Fernández Pacheco/ then López Pacheco/then Fernandez Pacheco/then Lopez Pacheco again and so on. Females, and illegitimates used Pacheco only many times but it was not rare for families such as the ubiquitous and powerful Mendoza, to hide a Mendoza woman, wife of a conflictive Pacheco describing her as a "Pacheco" nowadays probably to hide the embarrassment of a Mendoza woman associated with any socially conflictive or notoriously rebellious Pacheco. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Juan Manuel María de la Aurora, 8th duke of Escalona」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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